{"id":7853,"date":"2023-03-05T12:09:51","date_gmt":"2023-03-05T12:09:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/?page_id=7853"},"modified":"2023-04-25T10:45:01","modified_gmt":"2023-04-25T10:45:01","slug":"desmak-m2c1-essentials","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/essentials\/","title":{"rendered":"Essentials"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7853\" class=\"elementor elementor-7853\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c713e5b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c713e5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fde25c0\" data-id=\"fde25c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaad2a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eaad2a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-10145\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE.png 2048w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-300x44.png 300w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-1024x150.png 1024w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-768x113.png 768w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-1536x225.png 1536w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-600x88.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef8d733 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ef8d733\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2661c51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2661c51\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f40cc6\" data-id=\"2f40cc6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b834db elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"6b834db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718f7051 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718f7051\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-13a7dab1\" data-id=\"13a7dab1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7f9b8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d7f9b8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-829d90c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"829d90c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Essentials<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6e552 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6a6e552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c231414 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c231414\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-610d5a5e\" data-id=\"610d5a5e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-186e6f37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"186e6f37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small\">Reporting constructive stories<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ae995d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ae995d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Main topics:<br \/><\/strong>Topics suitable for a constructive approach, thinking creatively, covering a story constructively, working with data, desk and field research, constructive interviewing, the hero\u2019s journey, constructive at every stage of a story.<\/p><p><strong>Summary:<\/strong> <br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constructive reporting has all the elements of good, traditional reporting. But journalists working in a constructive mode add context to their stories and ask future-oriented questions \u2013 the \u201cWhat Now?\u201d element. Many kinds of stories can be approached in a constructive way, although fast-breaking news might not be suited to such things as a solutions approach. The constructive approach asks journalists to look at problems in a new way, which calls for creativity and unconventional thinking. Constructive journalists put an emphasis on looking for fresh perspectives, being empathetic when interviewing sources and letting go of assumptions. Constructive techniques can be integrated into every stage of the story production process.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a3dbbe0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a3dbbe0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63e62d36\" data-id=\"63e62d36\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b151b0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b151b0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Can every story be a constructive story? \n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-786bc433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"786bc433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalists who produce constructive stories say that the approach is suitable for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/isoj.org\/research\/journalists-perceptions-of-solutions-journalism-and-its-place-in-the-field\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a wide variety of topics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Health, the environment, climate change, human rights, social justice, education, technology, integration, etc. Wherever there are problems, journalists can look for people or organizations working on responses and report on them. Constructive journalism also has the potential to get polarized communities talking about divisive issues, and perhaps finding some common ground. This is especially the case during tense moments such as elections. However, promoting constructive dialogue on some topics might be difficult or impossible in countries where freedom of expression is low or not existing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, while many stories can have constructive elements in them, some formats and topics may be better suited to certain of the \u201cpillars\u201d \u2013 solutions, context and nuance, dialogue and engagement \u2013 than others.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Breaking news: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The solutions approach might not be suitable for breaking news, where getting the facts out fast is the priority. It can be right for second-day or longer-term follow-up stories since solutions stories can provide a fresh follow-up angle to news events. Solutions stories are often more suited to a cooler stage of a topic\u2019s life cycle. Similarly, some aspects of the dialogue and engagement pillar can be difficult to apply when a story is breaking. Constructive dialogue usually comes later.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, a constructive approach that adds context and complexity can be used even with brief reports and fast-moving news. The Danish news agency Ritzau encourages reporters to ask a few extra questions by doing the following:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Look forward:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> What happens now? What\u2019s the next step?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Look for action:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> What will you do now? How would you want to solve this?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Look for context and perspective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Has this happened before? Can we compare this to anything? Do you have data, facts, sources on this?<br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Tragic events:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some journalists admit that there are highly emotional topics like death and tragic accidents \u201cwhere compulsively looking for a constructive perspective is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/domedia.fra1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/paper\/MA_Gubela.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">simply inappropriate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, at least in the very first reports following the event. In news agencies and newsrooms in particular, where journalists work under time pressure, the potential for a constructive approach might be limited. However, sometimes a more careful choice of images and wording, one that doesn\u2019t inflame tension or cause great fear, can be a positive step in the constructive direction.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Silver-lining stories: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In cases of disaster and turmoil \u2013 whether natural or man-made \u2013 journalists might look for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/303853684_Positive_News_Makes_Readers_Feel_Good_A_Silver-Lining_Approach_to_Negative_News_Can_Attract_Audiences\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201csilver-lining\u201d stories<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of not only survival but success, brilliance, solidarity, and extraordinary achievements. This doesn\u2019t mean downplaying tragedy, but to look for some positive element or development that comes in its wake.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: In the aftermath of a bomb explosion, breaking news offers crucial timely information but is not necessarily constructive. Investigative journalism serves a watchdog role which will ascertain who is to blame for the bomb and the lapse in security. A constructive journalism approach could explore efforts to prevent this kind of violence from occurring again \u2013 the \u201chow do we move forward?\u201d aspect.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8259\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See Handout: Pitching Guidelines<\/a><\/span><\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2702d675 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2702d675\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a8cd1c\" data-id=\"3a8cd1c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79541909 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79541909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Developing a constructive story idea \n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d81588 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37d81588\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constructive journalists aim to move beyond the mindset that conflict-based, negative stories are the newsworthy ones. To do that, they need to look beyond traditional news values, and consider adding others to that list. Besides \u201cgood news\u201d, these additional values could be \u201csolution\u201d, \u201ccooperation\u201d, \u201cvisual\u201d, \u201cemotions\u201d, \u201crelevance\u201d, \u201cfollow-up\u201d, sometimes even \u201csurprise\u201d \u2013 without falling into the trap of sensationalism. Researcher Perry Parks from the University of Michigan (US) has even advocated for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journalismresearchnews.org\/argument-for-joy-as-a-news-value\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cjoy\u201d as a news value<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The constructive approach often challenges journalists to<\/span><b> seek new ways of looking at problems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. How can they become more creative and think outside the box?<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/news-and-negativity\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8259\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/a> \u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/news-and-negativity\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See Handout: Re-examining News Values<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p><p><b>Undergoing filters:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Our brain is a self-organizing system. What we have experienced in the past influences the direction we take and makes us feel safe. Among other filters, our mind uses a \u201cfeasibility filter\u201d that often hinders open-minded reflection (this takes too much time; costs too much money; this can\u2019t work, etc.). \u201cNegativity bias\u201d also influences the way we react to new ideas. To loosen the tight control that our rational-logical (linear) thinking normally has on our mind we need <\/span><b>irritation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some techniques to become more creative:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lateral thinking<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Instead of focusing on the problem in straightforward way, allow the gaze to wander in <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theeducators.co\/2013\/10\/20\/lateral-thinking\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">other directions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (thinking outside of the box).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fast thinking<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Make yourself produce a certain number of ideas under time pressure, thereby preventing the brain from instantly judging the ideas (by mind storming, for instance \u201cThe Crazy 8\u201d \u2013 see description in training session).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Associative brainstorming<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Start with one topic or story idea and develop a visual mind map by creating chains of associations (don\u2019t structure the ideas in the first step).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Negative brainstorming<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: For once our \u201cnegativity bias\u201d can be useful: We are usually more creative when we ask what can be done to make the situation worse? The collected ideas are then turned into their opposites.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Walt Disney strategy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Brainstorming as a role play \u2013 the different players could be the dreamer, the realist, the doer, the critic or the neutral observer.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Describe \u201cpersonas\u201d: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.innovationtraining.org\/create-personas-design-thinking\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create fictional characters<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, based upon the journalistic research (education, lifestyle, interests, values, goals, needs, limitations, desires, attitudes\u2026), add a few fictional personal details (name, sex, age, profession\u2026) to make them realistic characters.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Change of perspective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Look at a problem through the eyes of a mother, a child or other person.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The creative process needs chaos, not control. Only when we have gone through this phase should we move on to the second one: structuring ideas, clustering and prioritizing them according to relevance and usefulness for the target group or to the potential for solution finding.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8259\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See Handout: What type of creative person are you?<\/a><\/span><\/i><\/p><p><b>The PERMA model: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">journalists tend to think along the same lines and thus have similar ideas for story angles. The world keeps being portrayed in a certain way \u2013 everything that\u2019s wrong with systems, institutions, politicians, etc. But according to constructive journalism proponents such as Cathrine Gyldensted, this violates the journalist\u2019s ethical guideline of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seeking truth and reporting it<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, since it\u2019s not the whole truth. She and others suggest trying <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/mapp_capstone\/20\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">another framework<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for brainstorming story angles and ideas \u2013 the PERMA model, which is based on the positive psychology work of Martin Seligman in the United States (also see Module 1, Chapter 2). When looking for stories and angles, journalists working constructively can consider the model\u2019s five elements of well-being and add questions to them:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Positive emotion: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who is hopeful? Who is grateful? Who has solved a problem? How will this benefit XX going forward?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Engagement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Who has put in a great effort? Who is passionate about something?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Who has helped? Who has been brought together? Where are examples of cooperation? Where are closer ties forming? Where is there potential for closer ties?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Meaning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (belonging to or serving something bigger than the self): Why is this story important to tell? Who is wiser now? What did they learn? What is the meaning of what happened?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Accomplishments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: What did it take? What was overcome? What was achieved?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Examples:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> After a natural disaster, the media could report on how people are helping each other, inviting neighbors who have lost their homes or their power to stay with them, strengthening the social fabric. The media could talk to rescue workers and describe how they find meaning in helping people.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In economics reporting, reporters can look at the accomplishments of people who through resilience and creativity found jobs, turned businesses around or proposed new ways to structure the economy to decrease inequality and scarcity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The PERMA model elements also offer a framework for reporters to identify positive threads within the top news stories that are already there to produce follow-up pieces.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Engaging the audience\/community: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalists\u00a0 can identify problems by\u00a0 listening to a community. To report constructively, it\u2019s crucial to know as much as possible about the audiences and the problems they face. In reaching out to the public, reporters learn what\u2019s important to their communities, access information and get in contact with sources. Media outlets and newsrooms have various options to interact with their audiences and build a community, such as social media channels, comment sections and public events (see Module 2, Chapter 3). But freelance journalists and photographers can also find ways to engage audiences. They should get into the routine of asking friends, acquaintances or interviewees if they\u2019ve heard about an interesting approach to a problem or even some\u00a0 positive development around an issue. If they have a following on social media, they can put questions to their followers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Finding stories in data\/positive deviants:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Journalists may also find solution story ideas in data, since it can show how a response has been working and give measurable evidence. Usually when searching data, journalists look for the worst cases. For constructive reporting it can be interesting to look at the data differently. For constructive reporting it might be interesting to <\/span><b>look who is doing the best<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">? Another option is to <\/span><b>look in the middle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. What does the data say about the majority rather than the worst or best case?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another option is to look for <\/span><b>\u201cpositive deviants\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These are outliers, responses that are bucking a trend. This is a way to work backward from evidence and find people who are meeting a challenge better than others. Deviation from a norm, but in a positive direction. In other words, who\u2019s doing better than the others with the same resources? This is a signal that something newsworthy could be happening. It\u2019s the journalist\u2019s job to get the story behind the positive deviant and uncover information that could be valuable. Some journalists hesitate to attempt solutions stories because they don\u2019t want to be labeled advocates or PR reps. But the data gives you evidence and shields you from accusations of advocacy.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A dataset showing Covid infection rates in 2020 had many counties showing striking similarities. The curves on graphs representing infection numbers in Portugal, Italy and Hungary were almost identical. But the graph related to Kazakhstan had a completely different shape. Where infections in other countries were skyrocketing, in Kazakhstan they were falling. It was a positive deviant. The reporter then can take this information, do some reporting and find out what the country did to put their infection rates on a different trajectory. Perhaps Kazakhstan\u2019s more successful response could be replicated elsewhere.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8259\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/a> \u00a0<\/i><\/span><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See Handout: Using Data Constructively<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p><p><b>Looking at big problems?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Large problems that are usually considered the responsibility of governments or even global problems can be addressed by investigating how individuals or local communities are dealing with them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Example: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Australia\u2019s<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/redirects\/backstory\/2020-06-11\/abc-news-constructive-solutions-journalism\/12335272\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ABC News<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ran a story about an increasingly expensive housing market, one which has become unaffordable for many. The story looked at how some builders were reducing costs by designing houses on their own, taking over the unskilled labor themselves, using less expensive and recycled construction materials or sharing costs with other people. Affordable housing is a big issue that will not easily be solved by one program or government, but a constructive reporter can still address it by examining how individuals or communities are taking an innovative approach and solving at that level.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><b>Identifying potential pitfalls: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promising<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solutions can be found in many places and on many levels. But it\u2019s important to not take a response at face value. Reporters have to do their jobs and look at possible negative sides of what might at first seem like a real success story.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Individual change agents<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> might not grasp the full extent of a problem and the consequences of their actions. The response could have unforeseen consequences. \u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Organizations <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">offering \u201cforward-looking\u201d solutions always have their own interests, which may not match the interests of the people who are concerned. This might be obvious when it comes to private companies and lobbying groups, but NGOs and not-for-profit associations might also have hidden self-interests.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Governments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially authoritarian regimes, might use success stories for their own purposes \u2013 self-promotion or propaganda.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalists should always remain curious, but critical about a solution. And they should never advocate for a specific one. The evidence of the response\u2019s results and limitations should speak for themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Sources for solutions stories:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Journalists can go to a variety of individuals or organizations to find interesting responses to problems.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Think tanks\/policy experts\/academics:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They know their areas of specialization well, and often know who is doing what to respond to a problem. They might have response ideas as well, but remember, a solid solutions story is about a response that is already being tried.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Large datasets:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As mentioned above, these can be good places to find positive deviants and get solid data on how a response is working.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>People\/organizations working with an issue:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> NGOs, foundations or activists working in a certain field might well know what is happening on the ground. They probably have their own projects underway. Remember, the reporter is not there to sell their response, but to report on it.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Networks of innovators:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Their whole <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">raison d\u2019\u00eatre<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is to keep track of fresh approaches to issues.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The local community:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A media organization\u2019s audience on social media can be a good resource for interesting initiatives, as can people at a community center. Good constructive journalists engage with their public.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Other journalists:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Conversations with colleagues at other media outlets \u2013 around the country or on another continent \u2013 can give you insight into what\u2019s going on that might have slipped your notice or located outside your normal coverage area.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Example<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Eromo Egbejule, West Africa editor of The Africa Report, participated in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un-page.org\/constructive-news-can-solutions-journalism-save-our-forests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good Growth Journalism Initiative<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> organized by UNDP in Peru in 2019. \u201cI heard Costa Rica\u2019s remarkable story. The country managed to reverse what was one of the highest deforestation rates in the world, with radical reforms backed by political willpower. It\u2019s a lesson countries in Africa ought to learn.\u201d Eromo detailed his findings in an article he published in the Africa Report: Lessons on political willpower from Costa Rica and Peru.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37776f9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37776f9b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f280cd1\" data-id=\"2f280cd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-114eaf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"114eaf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Researching a constructive story\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64944ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64944ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-368db9ea\" data-id=\"368db9ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ad86637 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ad86637\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once journalists have solid ideas, they can sit down to do background research and decide how they\u2019ll approach their topic and who they want to talk to. The PERMA method works here to help journalists identify positive threads in a story. (See the questions in the PERMA section above.) As constructive journalists plan and research, they keep their minds open, stay off of a predetermined path and let go of their assumptions. They let the story go where it will. Other aspects to consider:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protagonists: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The people who will feature in the story. Who is engaged? Who is making a difference? Is this protagonist really representative of an issue or an outlier?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sources: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many journalists visit similar kinds of sources \u2013 officials, elites, one person on one side of an issue, another on the other. But that often leads to<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the same old black-and-white portrayals. It is useful to talk to people on the ground, not just the experts. Finding someone surprising or unexpected can add richness and another dimension.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Perspectives: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constructive journalists<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">try to tell the full story. Even if the topic is predominantly negative, there are often one or two positive or hopeful aspects to it. What aspect is usually underreported but might give the public a fresh, unexpected view?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Data mining and analysis: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In case the problem is already known (such as climate change or water scarcity), or the journalist has identified a problem (such as people losing their jobs due to COVID-19), data mining and analysis can give a clearer idea about the <\/span><b>size and impact of a problem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many people are affected? Compare multiple datasets: Is the problem unique to a category of people of geographical location for instance or is it a common problem?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How are they affected concretely and how seriously?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is there a similar problem in another region, another part of society, another context, somewhere else on the globe?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Often, journalists can fairly easily pinpoint a problem through data, but it can be more challenging to find potential solutions. Sometimes, data can help or point in the direction of people who might be familiar with solutions being tried out. And of course, data sets\u00a0 often help to evaluate the <\/span><b>success of a solution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Finding information:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In many parts of the developing world, hard data can be hard to come by. Nevertheless, there are ways for journalists to find information:<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">directly from a source (official statistics\/public records, studies, communities, organizations, private companies, audience, individuals)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">media and news reports, opinion articles, records, publications<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">social media\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a FOIA (Freedom of Information) request\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">community forums, mailing lists\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">online resources (search engines, databases)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public and private archives<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">creating their own database<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Fact-checking is crucial:<\/b> Because constructive journalism often covers underreported problems or perspectives, constructive reporters often look for different, new or lesser-known sources. This makes good fact-checking and the vetting of sources all the more important. Verification and confirmation are key. Journalists should not jump to conclusions after just a first look at the results.\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Using data constructively:\u00a0 <\/b><b>Zoom into key data and zoom out to provide context<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flat\/absolute numbers are difficult to comprehend. Put them in relation to something else make more sense (example: \u201c\u2026that is equal to the size of 10 football pitches.\u201d).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The farther an issue is from the audience\u2019s everyday life, the harder it is for it to mean something to them \u2013 \u201cMy reality is not your reality.\u201d<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do not take the reader\u2019s knowledge for granted.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reporter helps create people\u2019s worldview.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Steps to take:<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Put the data in context and offer perspective \u2013 why is this figure important? What does it mean?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preferably offer the perspective early in the report, not hidden at the end.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environment and circumstances are always relevant.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Events should be put in context (example: is this the first time it\u2019s happened, how was this resolved in the past?).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe developments, trends, breakthroughs and collapse.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i style=\"text-align: center;\">Source: Minna Skau, Danish news agency Ritzau<\/i><b style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>\u00a0<\/i><\/b><br \/><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><b>Looking for context and nuance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Constructive journalists examine the development of an issue over time by analyzing data, looking at the historical background and trying to get more than one perspective. While it\u2019s easiest to go to one or two sources for a story, to get a more nuanced view, additional sources can fill in the picture.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>On the ground research and the human face of an issue: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While desk research is important, journalists should always get out of the office, if possible, and go out to where the story is. Data can tell you the size and impact of an issue in numbers and other statistics, but it\u2019s by going out and talking to people that journalists learn how an issue or problem is affecting communities and individuals.\u00a0 This means paying close attention to their stories and listening to how they are trying to make sense of the problem. Who feels the need for change? Where? When? and Why?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To summarize:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The places affected should be visited, if at all possible.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple people directly affected by the problem should be heard.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different relevant stakeholders should be interviewed: the designers of a response, experts, activists, researchers, etc. Critics of a response should have a say.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Community members should be involved in research where possible. What are their questions on the topic, their suggestions for solutions, their experiences?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the data points are insufficient or lacking, constructive journalists could do surveys and generate their own primary data.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalists should reflect on the relationships between their interviewees: Are there underlying power dynamics involved related to gender, socio-economic status or political orientation?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Look critically at the response: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try to poke holes into any solution by talking to experts, opponents, considering counter-intuitive data, etc. to make sure it holds up to scrutiny. Is it really doing what its advocates claim? If it falls short, journalists should think about whether the story is worth covering. It may well be, because simply because a response is not perfect doesn\u2019t mean it isn\u2019t worthwhile on some level. Reporting on failure can be illuminating. But all problems or limitations should be covered. This is a central aspect of good solutions reporting.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Self-assessment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Authors of constructive stories need to ask themselves:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do I know enough about the history of the problem? And am I up to date?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do I have access to reliable tools to verify and analyze available data?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What can I do to overcome the limitations and gaps of available data?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Am I able to conduct this research alone? Do I need new skills? Do I need to involve the audience or seek skilled researchers or experts?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do I really see the big picture or am I fixated on a specific angle or an assumption? Am I looking at the full context and its impact? Sometimes the same issues affect different people and communities in different ways.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8259\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/> <\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See Handout M2-Ch1: Constructive Reporting Tip Sheet\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17595971 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17595971\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c238742\" data-id=\"4c238742\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ce7624e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ce7624e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conducting constructive interviews \n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1815e16c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1815e16c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constructive stories demand different interview techniques than those that have been taught over decades in journalism education. Questions should relate to the experiences of the interviewee regarding the story topic but they also try to uncover underlying motivations and feelings. Some of these techniques come from the dispute resolution process known as mediation. Mediators seek to deal with divisive issues by calming minds, opening up communication and finding ways out of conflict. Media professionals who conduct interviews like this say: it takes effort but it\u2019s worth it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Active Listening:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Good listening skills are essential for reporters. They are looking for context and the underlying reasons for people\u2019s stances and beliefs. They shouldn\u2019t just listen for soundbites or the most extreme, shocking thing that\u2019s said. The reporter should try to understand why people feel the way they do. What in their lives brought them to this place? It\u2019s not easy. Studies show that most people remember less than 50% of what they hear in a conversation. To add to that, interviewers are already having to think about many other things during an interview (recording levels, camera position, background, time pressure, etc.). But the more reporters really listen, the more they\u2019ll build trust, get their interviewee to lower defenses and get to the truth of the matter.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A way to achieve this is through<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">active listening<\/span><b>.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In this approach, the journalist focuses on both the elements of speech and the interviewee\u2019s expressions, and also on the intent and implications of the words. Active listening is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/virtualspeech.com\/blog\/active-listening-skills-examples-and-exercises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">focused and intentional<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and requires effort.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Be attentive and relaxed:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Give the speaker your undivided attention.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Don\u2019t interrupt:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Relax the pace for a slower, more thoughtful exchange.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ask questions for clarification:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If something is unclear, ask the speaker to explain it when there\u2019s a pause.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pay attention to non-verbal cues:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The eyes, mouth or slope of the shoulders can indicate enthusiasm, boredom or irritation.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Looping:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This technique \u2013 listening to understand \u2013 is a tool that mediators use to arrive at a deeper understanding of what&#8217;s important to people and why. Looping creates empathy because \u201cempathic listening allows the speaker to think <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.urbanconsulate.com\/courageousconversations\/blog\/2019\/12\/21\/listening\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">more clearly and more deeply<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d according to the Urban Consulate, a US group which aims to make people talk to create more equitable communities. \u201cWhen people feel understood, things go deeper.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looping is a technique developed by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/understandinginconflict.org\/the-loop-of-understanding\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Center for Understanding in Conflict<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and involves asking for confirmation to see if a listener has understood a speaker\u2019s message correctly. The interviewer paraphrases statements in a neutral way that have been made by an interviewee to demonstrate he or she has fully understood the answer. This technique also tends to calm strong feelings if the topic is highly emotional or controversial.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Four-step guide for constructive interviewing:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Solutions Journalism Network has adopted this looping technique and developed the following four-step guide.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 1: Listen to the answer.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 2: Check back with the interviewee by paraphrasing their response to understand more fully what he or she is saying. (This makes sure the reporter has understood the answer correctly and makes the interviewees feel they have been heard.)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 3: Observe the reaction.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 4: Correct (\u201cpolish\u201d) understanding before moving on.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3278a05a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3278a05a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"777\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-21-111922.jpg\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-6342\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-21-111922.jpg 777w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-21-111922-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-21-111922-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-21-111922-600x451.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45c51c56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45c51c56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: Solutions Journalism Network<\/span><\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd5387c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fd5387c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Example:\u00a0<br \/><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source makes a statement:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> I think immigrants are harming our country. Many of them are criminals and are violent. They\u2019re coming across our borders to take jobs away from us and are a drain on resources in general. We should take care of our own.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalist paraphrases:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> You are worried about your safety and economic future if people come into the country who are violent or who get jobs. Is that right?<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><b>Constructive questions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Constructive journalists ask questions that, even in a negative situation, explore different aspects of a story. They ask about resilience, about people who\u2019ve helped, about a path toward improvement and for points of view that provide meaning. Constructive interviewing illuminates areas often left in the dark.\u00a0And reporters should always keep in mind: ask questions about the future. Where do we go from here? What next?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Constructive journalism on a deadline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Busy journalists might feel they don\u2019t have the time or resources to make a story \u201cfully constructive\u201d. And sometimes they\u2019re right. To fully report a solutions story might well take more time and effort than a more traditional one would. But they would be surprised that even when working on a deadline, a few extra questions and looking ahead can work wonders.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ol><li><b> Ask different questions to experts and people in authority\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What would you want to do?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What would you do if you had the necessary power\/influence?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What will happen now?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"2\"><li><b> Ask about solutions\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How could this issue be solved?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have others been in a similar situation?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do you know anyone who has solved this problem?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can that solution be used in this situation?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are there any important reservations to mention?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do you have contacts, source suggestions, fact sheets, links?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"3\"><li><b> Try to get context and perspective<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can we compare this to anything?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are the facts and numbers clear? Put them in relation to something that is more familliar.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"4\"><li><b> Make it relevant to people\u2019s everyday lives\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Get numbers, precedents, time periods, etc. that can add perspective and context.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tell people why the piece of data is important, what it means. Don\u2019t just put it out there and hope that people will understand its significance. \u00a0 <\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-14adf82f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14adf82f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e165a16\" data-id=\"4e165a16\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc5f2c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc5f2c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What makes a constructive story compelling? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-508039d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"508039d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constructive stories should be particularly well told to attract the audiences and create impact. But what makes a story compelling? Are usual storytelling formats sufficient?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>The hero\u2019s journey:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 In the 21<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">st<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> century, the mass media and the film industry have mainly relied on the \u201chero\u2019s journey\u201d described by Joseph Campbell to tell compelling stories. A professor specializing in comparative mythology, Campbell described this journey in his 1949 book \u201cThe Hero with a Thousand Faces\u201d. He found variations on a classical story structure in tales and myths from many cultures: The hero leaves for the quest, learns from a mentor, fights enemies, almost dies, resurrects, finds his power and returns with an elixir. This archetype of human storytelling fits to some extent quite well to the problem-solution shift in constructive journalism. But to make constructive stories compelling <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> inspiring, the main elements need to be slightly modified or adapted:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protagonist:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To get drawn into a story, the audience often needs somebody to identify with or to relate to. The Greek word \u201cprotagonist\u201d literally means \u201cthe first struggler\u201d.\u00a0 But this person should not be presented as the superman or superwoman who easily overcomes all problems. Instead, he or she should be portrayed as having flaws. That is, a normal, vulnerable person. Constructive stories should be particularly careful not to show the protagonist as a mighty savior. This would disempower the audience.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Obstacle:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In a constructive story, this corresponds to a problem that is tackled. It determines the plot and the search for a way forward. The problem might have different angles \u2013 for instance an economic aspect, a societal aspect or an educational aspect. The journalist should be clear about the focus.<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Goal: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The struggle of the protagonist to overcome the obstacle should have a concrete aim. In a constructive story, this is the response to the problem that has been identified. On a higher level it should also have a meaning. Reflecting on the goal is linked to the PERMA questions explored earlier in this chapter, &#8220;Why is the story important to tell?&#8221; Constructive stories often explore themes that all people connect with despite their political and philosophical differences, such as friendship, home and well-being.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mentor: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is meant as a metaphor for somebody \u2013 or something \u2013 that inspires or encourages the protagonist to search for a solution. In constructive reporting, it is particularly interesting to think about the source of inspiration\/empowerment.\u00a0 The protagonist could have been inspired by meeting someone inspirational, reading a book, hearing about a technique or through the encouragement of others. However, the mentor, be it a person or an organization, should not, like the hero, be portrayed as a mighty savior.<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Antagonist: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The antagonist represents the obstacles that the protagonist faces. For constructive journalists, this could be the limitations of a solution. In a context of conflicts, antagonists can represent other ethnic groups\u00a0or people\/groups on the other side of a struggle.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Choice of story elements: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u201chero\u2019s journey\u201d story structure can be helpful to identify and choose the main story elements.<\/span><b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>The main character:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The choice of a main character is crucial for a constructive story: What can he or she offer? Share experiences, offer a solution or an idea that could encourage solution finding? Inspire? Is the person authentic to the setting? Affected by the context? Able to reflect the problem or show the bigger picture? Who is the best person to tell the story? Sometimes someone behind the scenes is more appealing than those in obvious positions.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Address the human face of the problem: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Choose a relatable character. Give an example of a community member that is affected by the problem e.g., <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban females aged 12 -17 = a group of teenage girls, who live in Beirut.<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><b>Identify a relevant context\/create a believable persona: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dig deeper into your data to identify other social or economic factors surrounding the people affected by the problem. Find a specific case or character from the community or build your own persona, e.g., u<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rban females aged 12 -17 from low-income and poorly educated families = Sara, a young orphan teenager, who lives in slums just outside Beirut with her two little brothers.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Developing personas might help to identify protagonists but also to better understand who the audience is.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6aa39038 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6aa39038\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46dfd2d2\" data-id=\"46dfd2d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2516a82e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2516a82e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Being constructive at every stage of the story process<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d8a3fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d8a3fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adopting a constructive mindset means thinking about constructive techniques from the earliest stages of the story process and applying them wherever is possible. At every step \u2013 from story idea to final product and feedback \u2013 journalists can work in a constructive mode. Here\u2019s a recap:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ol><li><b> Developing an idea, choosing a topic\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brainstorm using the PERMA Method (see above).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Engage the community to see what\u2019s important to them.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Look at data for inspiration, be on the lookout for \u201cpositive deviants\u201d.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"2\"><li><b> Desk Research\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Look for protagonists that really represent an issue, not outliers. Are they engaged, making a difference?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Look for multiple sources with different perspectives to add nuance. Are they surprising? What is their motivation for participating?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are multiple perspectives to a story. Ensure the whole picture is being explored, not just the negative or expected aspects.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"3\"><li><b> Interviewing\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Active listening builds trust.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The looping technique can help understanding and reveal what deeply matters to people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future-oriented questions point to where things go from here.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"4\"><li><b> Writing\/editing\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Context and nuance should fill out the story.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Including a variety of voices brings in fresh perspectives.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Language use should be carefully considered \u2013 the goal is to inform, not to inflame or create fear.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pictures and headlines should be carefully considered.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"5\"><li><b> Publication\/community\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Publication on social media allows more interaction with the community.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Questions from the audience should be answered and feedback requested.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The community can suggest follow-up questions and what stories they want next.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8259\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-05-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/a> \u00a0<\/i><\/span><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/modules-for-decision-maker\/factory-floor\/reporting-constructively\/handouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See Handout: Being constructive at every stage of the story process<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30e711ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30e711ef\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5ddefe14\" data-id=\"5ddefe14\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22518bab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22518bab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7770\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/5_CJTB_B-T17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/5_CJTB_B-T17.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/5_CJTB_B-T17-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/5_CJTB_B-T17-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 40px) 100vw, 40px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2b3d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d2b3d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">More information<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f89a7ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f89a7ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Finding a Solutions-Oriented Story: Introduction<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/learninglab.solutionsjournalism.org\/en\/courses\/basic-toolkit\/basic-reporting\/finding-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.learninglab.solutionsjournalism.org\/introduction<\/a><\/p><p><b>Solutions Story tracker (SJN)<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/storytracker.solutionsjournalism.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.storytracker.solutionsjournalism.org<\/a><\/p><p><b>Fanning the Flames: Reporting on Terror in a Networked World, Tow Center, CSJ:<\/b> <br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cjr.org\/coverage-terrorism-social-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.cjr.org\/coverage-terrorism-social-media<\/a><\/p><p><b>Innovating News Journalism through Positive Psychology (2011)<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/mapp_capstone\/20\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.repository.upenn.edu<\/a><\/p><p><b>Discovering Solutions:<br \/>How are Journalists Applying Solutions Journalism to Change the Way News is Reported and What Do They Hope to Accomplish?<\/b><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc1404534\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.digital.library.unt.edu<\/a><\/p><p><b>Active Listening Skills, Examples and Exercises:<\/b><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/virtualspeech.com\/blog\/active-listening-skills-examples-and-exercises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.virtualspeech.com\/active-listening-skills<\/a><\/p><p><b>Positive psychology could revolutionise journalism<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.positive.news\/society\/media\/positive-psychology-revolutionise-journalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.positive.news\/positive-psychology-revolutionise-journalism<\/a><\/p><p><b>Leonie Gubela, Definition, Implementation and Effects of Constructive Journalism in German Print and Online Media, 2018<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/domedia.fra1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/paper\/MA_Gubela.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.domedia.fra1.cdn\/MA_Gubela.pdf<\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Penguin Books, 2012 (book)<\/b><\/p><p><b>Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, New World Library, 2008 (book)\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Matthew Winkler, Kirill Yeretzky, The Hero\u2019s Journey according to Joseph Campbell, 2016\u00a0<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d1Zxt28ff-E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.youtube.com\/heros-journey<\/a><\/p><p><b>Africa no Filter, How to write about Africa in 8 steps<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/africanofilter.org\/uploads\/files\/How-to-tell-an-african-story.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.africanofilter.org\/How-to-tell-an-african-story.pdf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Essentials Reporting constructive stories Main topics:Topics suitable for a constructive approach, thinking creatively, covering a story constructively, working with data, desk and field research, constructive interviewing, the hero\u2019s journey, constructive at every stage of a story. Summary: Constructive reporting has all the elements of good, traditional reporting. But journalists working in a constructive mode add&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":7455,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7853","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Essentials - Constructive Journalism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Essentials - Constructive Journalism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Essentials Reporting constructive stories Main topics:Topics suitable for a constructive approach, thinking creatively, covering a story constructively, working with data, desk and field research, constructive interviewing, the hero\u2019s journey, constructive at every stage of a story. 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