{"id":5158,"date":"2023-02-13T09:27:48","date_gmt":"2023-02-13T09:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/?page_id=5158"},"modified":"2023-04-17T11:50:38","modified_gmt":"2023-04-17T11:50:38","slug":"news-and-negativity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/newsandnegativity\/essentials","title":{"rendered":"Essentials"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5158\" class=\"elementor elementor-5158\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd6ff3a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dd6ff3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cdd60c\" data-id=\"4cdd60c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1b024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e1b024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-10145\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE.png 2048w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-300x44.png 300w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-1024x150.png 1024w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-768x113.png 768w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-1536x225.png 1536w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DWA-CJ_Toolbox_KEYVISUAL_Website-Header_2048x300_OHNE-600x88.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae63c8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ae63c8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-764ff9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"764ff9c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f42e5e2\" data-id=\"f42e5e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5860737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"5860737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0b5fe8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0b5fe8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b01d4c2\" data-id=\"b01d4c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96b014e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"96b014e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10398e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10398e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Essentials<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff5e0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9ff5e0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deee60e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deee60e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b20911\" data-id=\"1b20911\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa8652 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5aa8652\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small\">News and negativity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89ad3ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89ad3ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Main topics:<\/strong> Journalism in crisis, characteristics of traditional journalism today, competition, digitalization, 24-hour news cycle, negative framing, the brain\u2019s processing of the news, perception vs. reality, consequences for individuals and society, Audience needs and wants from the news.<\/p><p><strong>Summary:<\/strong> <br \/>Digital disruption has resulted in an economic crisis for the news industry. At the same time studies have shown that people are becoming more disengaged from the news. A constant barrage of negative, conflict-based coverage has resulted in a large percentage of people tuning out of the news as it makes them feel depressed and helpless. The overwhelming negative nature of news coverage has led to skewed perceptions about the actual state of the world. Trust in the news media has fallen over the years (although it rose some during the COVID-19 pandemic), which has grave ramifications for societies. Surveys have shown that audiences are not getting all they want from media outlets and journalists need to rethink their coverage so that their reporting stays relevant to their communities, opens up new paths to economic sustainability and contributes to positive change.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-462786b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"462786b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-985a18d\" data-id=\"985a18d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-463d64d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"463d64d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why is traditional journalism in crisis? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dd23bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dd23bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Independent, quality journalism plays a crucial role in democratic societies, informing people about the political, economic and social developments in their countries. This information enables them to make informed decisions in their daily lives and who they vote for in elections. Good journalism holds the powerful to account, uncovers corruption and wrongdoing, spotlights the workings of government and the economy, looks honestly at societal trends and serves as a guide for people during times of crisis. But today, traditional journalism is experiencing a crisis of its own, perhaps even an existential one. Trust in the media has been sinking, people are choosing to shut out the news, and digitization has led to revenue streams at media operations drying up, forcing newsrooms to cut staff, ramp up output at the expense of quality or shutter their operations all together.<\/p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic only exacerbated a decades-long trend of newsroom lay-offs, newspaper shutdowns, dwindling resources, pay cuts and reporters generally asked to do more with less. The pandemic brought about a new wave of closures, layoffs, furloughs and salary cuts across the globe. A number of studies have documented the difficulties facing the news media in the US, Canada, India, Europe and beyond. While there are some bright spots, with innovative projects and reporters working hard to fill the gaps, the overall picture is not a pretty one.<\/p><p>There are a variety of factors, beyond the pandemic, contributing to journalism\u2019s plight, which we will explore in more detail below.<\/p><p><strong>Digital disruption and an ever-faster news cycle:<\/strong> Changes in journalism and digital disruption have led to changes in news delivery and news content. The internet has made publishing easier than ever and led to an explosion of news outlets, many online, and done away with traditional news cycles (12 or 24 hours for print, maybe hourly for radio stations). Now news and updates can be published 24 hours a day, seven days a week, on websites and social media. Cable TV news is a 24\/7 operation. People have more information options than ever before, which has led to a war for the public\u2019s increasingly fragmented attention. Strategies the media houses have adopted to grab that attention include:<\/p><ul><li>more negativity (\u201cif it bleeds, it leads\u201d)<\/li><li>more \u201cbreaking news\u201d alerts (when the news might not really be urgent)<\/li><li>more stories (although often of lower quality)<\/li><li>more hard-hitting, sensational headlines<\/li><li>more drama (sometimes exaggerated)<\/li><li>more conflict<\/li><\/ul><p>Yet these strategies don\u2019t appear to be working in the long term. They haven\u2019t helped bring journalism out of its current crisis. In fact, as we will see below, they often have the opposite effect than intended.<\/p><p><strong>News fatigue\/news avoidance:<\/strong> For several years, greater numbers of people have been actively turning away from the news \u2013 tired or angry at what they see. Turning off the TV news program or avoiding a news website is a way to shield oneself from the unrelenting barrage of negativity that can have an impact on people&#8217;s mood. A <a href=\"https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/digital-news-report\/2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2022 survey<\/a> in 46 countries by the Reuters Institute (Digital News Report 2022) found that 38% of respondents said they actively avoid the news. That was up from 29% in 2017. Those surveyed said they avoid the news because it has a negative effect on their mood (36%) or because they feel powerless to change anything for the better (16%). Previous studies have shown that women and younger generations are especially allergic to the \u201cnoise\u201d of a news cycle.<\/p><p>In many parts of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic revived interest in the news as people turned to trusted news sources to make sense of the situation. However, as the virus continued to dominate the headlines, audiences began to turn away from the unrelenting negativity and focus on fatalities and rising infection rates. Despite the pandemic bump, the proportion of respondents saying they are very or extremely interested in the news has fallen by an average of five percentage points since 2016. Among 18-34 year olds, 41% sometimes or actively avoid the news. Many young people want more diverse voices and perspectives and are looking for stories that don\u2019t depress and upset them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21dcd01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"21dcd01\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1e2fc1\" data-id=\"a1e2fc1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d0ef35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d0ef35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1790\" height=\"1669\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-6.43.50-PM-1.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-5196\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-6.43.50-PM-1.png 1790w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-6.43.50-PM-1-300x280.png 300w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-6.43.50-PM-1-1024x955.png 1024w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-6.43.50-PM-1-768x716.png 768w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-6.43.50-PM-1-1536x1432.png 1536w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-6.43.50-PM-1-600x559.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1790px) 100vw, 1790px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-76730f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"76730f0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4257b96\" data-id=\"4257b96\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40a7c42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40a7c42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2022<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd9a88e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fd9a88e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aafe4d2\" data-id=\"aafe4d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e31170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e31170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Trust deficit: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Coronavirus pandemic resulted in rise in trust in the media, but new research finds the trajectory is headed downward again. Before the pandemic, in 2019, only 42% of those surveyed trusted the news, down two percentage points in two years. That rose to 44% in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-06\/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2021 Reuters Digital News Report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but has fallen back to 42% again. Trust in individual news brands is trending downward in most countries.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trust levels vary in different countries and in different regions. While in Thailand more than one-half of people trust most media most of the time, in India that number is 41% while in the Philippines it stands at 37%. In the three African countries analyzed by the Reuters Institute, trust is still relatively high by international standards: 57% of Kenyans trust most media most of the time (58% of Nigerians, 61% of South Africans). No country in the Middle East is covered in the Reuters study.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Lack of representation (diversity and inclusion):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> When communities don\u2019t feel represented in the media, they tend to feel less engaged and stop trusting the news. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/digital-news-report\/2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2022 Reuters study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> found that a majority of 18\u201324 year-olds in Western Europe feel they are not fairly represented in the media and that there is too little coverage of issues they care about. As a result, four in ten in this group say that social media is now their main source of news.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many media outlets in the US and Europe have started hiring members of underrepresented communities to work in their newsrooms. But a diverse newsroom does not automatically lead to changes in the kinds of issues covered. There is evidence that a lack of coverage of an issue is strongly related to perceptions of unfair coverage. But other data from the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-06\/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reuters 2021 report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> suggest that if people think their social and economic class receives too much coverage \u2013 possibly because they think the focus should be on less privileged groups or because of inaccurate coverage \u2013 perceptions of unfairness can arise. It\u2019s difficult for news organizations to find the right balance.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Loss of gatekeeper role:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the past, if officials or other public figures needed to communicate with the public, they did so through journalists and the media. This is no longer the case. Officials, business people and celebrities now have direct access to the public through social media and journalists themselves are often bypassed. In the absence of journalists, politicians can express opinions or make statements without being challenged or asked to back up what they say with facts. In addition, people, especially younger groups, often get their news from peers who post pictures or descriptions of what\u2019s happening on social media, again bypassing reporters and journalism\u2019s inherent control mechanisms.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c38e8d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c38e8d9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9941753\" data-id=\"9941753\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac970ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac970ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What makes the news so nasty and negative?\u00a0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ab1aee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ab1aee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a5b4bb\" data-id=\"1a5b4bb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f356073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f356073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This journalism crisis and the struggle for survival has led to a news environment that is decidedly grim \u2013 not only in the business offices of media organizations but on their homepages and on the air. The unrelenting fight for attention, clicks, views and shares has turned up the volume and given airtime and headlines to the rudest, loudest voices. The more provocative, the better. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most traditional journalism today focuses on negative events and developments. \u201cHard\u201d news and \u201cbreaking\u201d news reports are generally bad news \u2013 crime, political conflict, threats to public health, sex scandals, dire economic forecasts, war, accidents and death. Open the newspaper or website or turn on the nightly news and the public is confronted with a barrage of doom and gloom. The world seems, through this lens, in the midst of a full-scale catastrophe.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The world does contain a lot of bad news, and journalists need to report it. Hiding heads in the sand in the face of unpleasant realities is no solution. But this \u201cnegative only\u201d newsroom approach, which has deep roots in journalism history, influences how people see the world. It does so through editorial choices of what becomes news, the framing of stories, the wording of text and choice of images.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>\u201cIf it bleeds, it leads\u201d:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> US journalist Eric Pooley is credited with first using this expression in 1989 when he described how the media make use of sensationalism in their headlines and titles. He introduced what became the unofficial mantra that many media houses still follow.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is based on a simple idea: appealing to basic instincts is much easier than appealing to the mind. Sensational, conflict-laden, outrage-inducing stories are better for ratings than news that is nuanced and thoughtful. This reasoning, and some would say race to the bottom, has gained even more influence in a world of increased (digital) media competition and with the advent of social media.<\/span><\/p><p><b>What makes something \u201cnews\u201d?:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Journalism has long focused on conflict and chaos. In fact, two of the leading \u201cnews values\u201d, criteria which for journalists determine if a story is newsworthy, are conflict and negativity. Thus, journalists and editors are accustomed to looking for discord and dispute when looking for stories. The more negative the story, the more exposure it gets. The thinking is: Bad news sells.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalism researchers <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1461670X.2016.1150193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tony Harcup and Deirdre O\u2019Neill<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> proposed in 2016 an updated set of <\/span><b>15 news values, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">factors which<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">journalists co<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nsider when deciding what is newsworthy and how high up should it go on the page or in the broadcast. <\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exclusivity<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bad news<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conflict<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">surprise<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">audio-visuals<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">shareability<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">entertainment<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drama<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">follow-up<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the power elite<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relevance<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">magnitude<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">celebrity<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">good news<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">news organization\u2019s agenda<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In their content analysis of UK newspapers, \u201cbad news\u201d ranked on top for all analyzed publications (while \u201cgood news\u201d landed at position 9). With the increasing use of images, \u201cvisual\u201d, \u201cemotions\u201d, and \u201ccelebrity\u201d have also become important selection criteria. Considering the changes in the digital age, Harcup and O\u2019Neill assume that editors might also look for \u201cshareability\u201d. When analyzing news stories shared on social media, they found that the most frequently identified values were entertainment, surprise and, perhaps not surprising, bad news.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<br \/><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-wp-editing=\"1\"><br \/><a href=\"\/cjtoolbox\/newsandnegativity\/handout\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8256\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-02.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-02.png 130w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-02-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Pfeil-Verweis-02-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/newsandnegativity\/handout\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See Handouts: Re-examining news values<\/a><\/span><\/i><\/p><p><b>More negative in the internet era:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Data scientist Kalev Leetaru applied a technique called <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kalevleetaru\/2019\/05\/14\/sentiment-mining-500-years-of-history-is-the-world-really-darkening\/?sh=2895b43535ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201csentiment mining\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to a BBC Monitoring archive of translated articles and broadcasts from 130 countries between 1979 and 2010. He analyzed the emotional tone of each publication by counting how often positively and negatively connotated words were used, taking into account spikes that reflected specific crises. He found that over the three decades he researched the news had become gloomier. Especially intriguing was the finding that there was a strong plunge toward negativity as online journalism began to take off. Due to increased competition, media outlets apparently more often chose sensational, negative news to capture the public\u2019s attention.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ever more dramatic and shocking images<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Another significant impact of the digital age on news reporting has been the dramatic shift to visual imagery in news items. User-generated images of important world events are now regularly captured on the smartphones of those close to or even directly involved in these events. Media analysts have argued that these kinds of images are presented especially to convey <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/why-we-worry\/202009\/the-psychological-impact-negative-news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fear, danger, excitement and risk<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These kinds of images were not often not permissible or even available to news broadcasters in the past.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Problematic framing: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Framing in the media is the angle or perspective from which a news story is told. News is not an exact representation of reality but rather a reconstruction of a small section of reality. Journalists present news in a way that they think makes sense to their audiences, but also using, consciously or unconsciously, their values and\u00a0 judgments or those of their media organizations. A negative frame is often chosen for the reasons discussed above: to increase perceived newsworthiness or get more clicks. Journalists often choose aspects and angles that correspond to their audience\u2019s values, knowledge, interests, and cultural background. This helps to reduce complexity since word counts and air time are limited. But they run the risk of perpetuating negative or overly simplistic ideas, even stereotypes, especially when reporting on foreign countries and cultures.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a883607 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a883607\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5f0d30\" data-id=\"d5f0d30\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4922a4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4922a4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How does our brain process news? \n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa65b87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa65b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Media owners, editors and journalists aren\u2019t completely to blame for all the negativity. This focus on the dark side seems to be hard-wired into human beings. People tend to react faster and stronger emotionally to negative than positive events, often spending more time ruminating over problems than contemplating successes, and remember insults better than praise. This is in part due to what are called cognitive biases, systematic errors in thinking that occur when people process and interpret information about the world around them. These biases, which are often a result of the brain\u2019s attempt to simplify information processing, affect the decisions and judgments that people make.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative news may influence our thinking through multiple mechanisms. When people see, hear or read something, their brains automatically activate related ideas for a short time. This so called \u201cpriming effect\u201d of our unconscious memory is the underpinning bedrock for<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/the-modern-brain\/201909\/how-negative-news-distorts-our-thinking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">some cognitive biases<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Negativity bias <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">means that humans instinctively focus more on negative events and\u00a0 information than on positive ones. This tendency is a result of evolution. Earlier in human history, paying attention to dangerous and negative threats in the world was a matter of life and death. Those who paid more attention to threats around \u2013 saber-toothed tigers, enemy tribes \u2013 were more likely to survive. The evolutionary perspective suggests that, historically, this bias is one way the brain tries to keep us safe. But in the modern world the preference for the negative has been harnessed to keep people\u2019s attention.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Availability bias<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/basics\/heuristics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">availability heuristic<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) is the tendency of people to overestimate the importance of the examples that immediately come to mind when <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">considering a topic. For example, after seeing news reports on terrorism threats, you might make a judgment that terrorist attacks are much more common in your area than they really are. Being constantly exposed to negative news, you may be more likely to remember horrible events and then believe that these relatively infrequent occurrences represent the general state of things.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Confirmation bias<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> describes the tendency of human beings to seek information that confirms what they already believe. Most people feel that their convictions are rational, logical and impartial, based on experience and objective analysis of information. But really, everyone is susceptible to confirmation bias. People\u2019s beliefs are often based on paying attention to information that reinforces those beliefs, while tending to ignore the information that challenges them. If people are being constantly told the world is a horrible place, they often see \u201cproof\u201d of this everywhere they look while dismissing information that suggests the contrary.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fb65569 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fb65569\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d565626\" data-id=\"d565626\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c11ae9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c11ae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are the effects on individuals and societies?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4b977 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4b977\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the media\u2019s focus on the nasty and negative in the world might result in more clicks or views, this barrage of bad news can have a direct impact on the well-being of audiences and even societies in a number of ways:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Negative effects on mental health: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is growing evidence that negative news can affect our mental health, notably in the form of increased <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/basics\/anxiety\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anxiety<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/basics\/depression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">depression<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and acute <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stress reactions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Research at the University of Pennsylvania (US) found a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&amp;context=mapp_capstone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">direct correlation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between exposure to the news and depression and anxiety. News consumption often leaves people in fight-or-flight mode \u2013 ready to attack the other side (polarization) or wanting to simply hide under a blanket (news avoidance).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The permanent consumption of negative news can increase immobilization and apathy and lead to what psychologists call <\/span><b>learned helplessness, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a lasting feeling of powerlessness.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major effect on the lives of audiences worldwide and increased feelings of isolation and anxiety. To <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/coronavirus-5-ways-to-manage-your-news-consumption-in-times-of-crisis-133614\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cope with the \u201cCoronavirus stress syndrome\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, experts strongly recommended taking breaks from watching, reading or listening to news stories, including those on social media.\u00a0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><b>Reality vs. perception:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Journalism acts as a filter between reality and people\u2019s perception of reality. Surveys have repeatedly shown a huge gap between facts and populations\u2019 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">perception<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of facts, often due to what they see in the media<\/span><b>.<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When watching, reading or listening to the news, people come away believing that the world is rapidly descending into chaos, even though many aspects of life have improved dramatically over the last few decades.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, in the 1990s news programs in the US tripled their coverage of crime, especially murders, at a time when the murder rate was plummeting. This led people to believe that danger of their being murdered was much higher than it really was.\u00a0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ipsos MORI market research firm\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/perils.ipsos.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Perils of Perception surveys<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> highlights the misperceptions about crime, violence, sex, the climate, the economy, etc. among people in dozens of countries around the world. Every country surveyed overestimates the proportion of people who die through interpersonal violence each year. The average actual figure across all countries is just 1% when the average guess was 8%. Nearly every country in the study overestimates the proportion of people who die annually from terrorism or conflict. The average across all countries is just 0.1% when the average guess was 5%.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Misled by headlines: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On social media, the internet and network news, people often only read the headline of a story, then post that information (mentally in their own heads or on social media) as if it were fact. But often the headline doesn\u2019t reflect the facts presented in the story. Media consumers must discern what the real story is, sometimes needing to check other sources to find out. Psychologists like Maria Konnikova have shown that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/science\/maria-konnikova\/headlines-change-way-think\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a headline can affect how knowledge is activated<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in our heads and that it can influence the audience\u2019s framing as well as what people will take away from a story. The headline matters, and media organizations tend to exaggerate them to grab attention on the crowded playing field.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Global misconceptions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This distortion of the state of the world in general was also brought to light by<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hans Rosling, an advisor at the World Health Organization. He started testing people\u2019s knowledge about key global health figures and discovered that most people were not aware of the tremendous improvements that had been made over the last 30 years. In 2005, he co-founded the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gapminder.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gapminder Foundation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and developed <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/upgrader.gapminder.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">knowledge tests<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> around the UN\u2019s Sustainable Development Goals to fight these misconceptions. In 2018, Time Magazine from the US launched <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/opportunity.org\/news\/blog\/2018\/january\/what-were-reading-time-magazine-optimists-edition-edited-by-bill-gates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe Optimists\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a collection of articles edited by Bill Gates highlighting that the world \u201cas a whole\u201d had become \u201ca better place\u201d. Indeed, indicators like child mortality (report from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-survival\/under-five-mortality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNICEF<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and extreme poverty (figures from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/devinit.org\/resources\/poverty-trends-global-regional-and-national\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development initiatives)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> show that great positive strides have taken place, although many people think less about the positive developments than they do about the negative ones (negativity bias).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Disengagement\/political apathy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As people tune out from the news, they tend to become less engaged members of their communities and their country\u2019s electorate. Research has revealed that exposure to negatively framed news makes people less likely to take positive action than news stories that take a more positive approach. A study at the University of Southampton discovered that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.positive.news\/society\/media\/constructive-journalism-help-solve-ethical-dilemma-overly-negative-news\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">presenting news in a negative way<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> led to \u201cdisengagement, avoidance, negative mood and anxiety\u201d among those in the trial. The more negatively people felt after consuming a news story, \u201cthe less likely they were to voice their opinions or take actions to make the world a better place.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Studies in the US have found that news avoiders are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cla.umn.edu\/magazine\/fate-fourth-estate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">less inclined to vote<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. University of Minnesota researcher Benjamin Toff asks whether the current news environment is conducive to creating an electorate which can hear the other side, can think through complicated political issues and understand a variety of perspectives, all things which a healthy democracy depends on. If people do not consume news, they are less informed, less likely to vote, and potentially more likely to fall under the sway of a populist movement or politician.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Appetite for smash-the-machine change:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/11\/15\/opinion\/when-reportage-turns-to-cynicism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Bornstein and Tina Rosenberg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, founders of the Solutions Journalism Network, are convinced that the reason Donald Trump won the 2016 elections was because he benefited from journalism&#8217;s steady focus for decades on what was going wrong in the country. The somber picture \u2013 darker than statistics justified \u2013 allowed the seeds of discontent and despair that Trump planted take root, they wrote in the New York Times. \u201cOne consequence is that many Americans today have difficulty imagining, valuing or even believing in the promise of incremental system change, which leads to a greater appetite for revolutionary, smash-the-machine change.\u201d This kind of \u201cthrow the crooks out\u201d attitude and violent fervor was on full display in the January 2021 attack on the US Capitol by a group largely made up of\u00a0 Trump supporters.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Effects on journalists and journalism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Let\u2019s not forget the people behind the negative headlines, many of whom have something of an image problem. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalism is regularly ranked among the most unpopular professions. Journalists are often criticized for exaggerating an issue, for not dealing with problems faced by \u201creal people\u201d or for increasing polarization to get clicks or viewers. It&#8217;s an ironic situation since many journalists see their mission as a noble one, which seeks to do good and help society.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, numerous studies have shown that the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journalistsresource.org\/environment\/job-stress-journalists-health-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mental health burden on journalists<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be a heavy one. Reporting on conflict, traumatic events and disaster leaves a mark; burnout is not uncommon. Of journalists who covered a powerful hurricane in Texas in 2017, two in five \u201cmet the threshold for depression\u201d and 93% had symptoms of depression. For journalists reporting on COVID-19, the stress has been even higher than normal. Several studies, including one from Reuters, showed that a significant number of journalists reporting on the virus exhibited signs of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/news\/covid-19-hurting-journalists-mental-health-news-outlets-should-help-them-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anxiety and depression<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A different approach to the news could benefit media practitioners as well as media consumers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8168401 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8168401\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ac56a1\" data-id=\"0ac56a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20df33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b20df33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What do audiences want? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4792c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4792c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What can the media do to turn the tide? As audiences, particularly young people, lose their connections with traditional media, media organizations are intensifying audience research in an effort to find out what audiences want in order to keep them interested or bring them back.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>More than updates:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Audiences around the globe want to be updated on events in their countries, their regions, the world. But they also want more. A large-scale, multiregion <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/five-lessons-i-learned-while-digitally-changing-bbc-world-shishkin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BBC study from 2016<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">identified five other important audience needs: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cgive me perspective\u201d, \u201ceducate me\u201d, \u201ckeep me on trend\u201d, \u201camuse me\u201d and \u201cinspire me\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f291b40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f291b40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"596\" height=\"316\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Bild1.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-5210\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Bild1.png 596w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Bild1-300x159.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d93823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d93823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dmitry Shishkin, former digital development editor at BBC World Service<\/span><\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c6cd9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c6cd9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Other needs neglected:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The BBC team then <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">analyzed three months of its output across languages and found that 70% of its content contributed to \u201cupdate me\u201d. The broadcaster then concluded that if BBC<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> programs were to reach younger audiences, they would need to address these other needs in a more balanced way. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The BBC Next Generation survey from 2016 confirmed that a large majority (64%) of young audiences (under 35) in emerging economies want news <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalism.co.uk\/news\/five-key-research-findings-about-young-online-audiences-from-bbc-world-service\/s2\/a588021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to also provide solutions to problems<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, moving beyond simply covering what has happened to also discussing where to go next.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-988dc04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"988dc04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Desire for new perspectives: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DW audience research in Kenya (2019) revealed that viewers are frustrated by the way African stories are covered by broadcasters. International outlets focus on disasters and problems without showing solutions; local ones focus on local events. The audience appreciated that the stories by DW News Africa were told through the eyes of people on the ground and reported on negative events without showing grisly footage. Nevertheless, some viewers criticized single reports for lacking a solution-oriented approach as well as different points of view. The target group wanted more reporting on underrepresented or neglected issues, a bigger variety of topics, and stories that were empowering. Other DW acceptance studies from countries across the globe have shown that audiences want a more nuanced and constructive approach to coverage.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Inspiring stories drive readership:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2019, an audience research team at the fashion magazine Vogue (2019) surveyed<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 3,000 loyal readers and another 2,000 people who don\u2019t read the publication but are interested in fashion in different American, Asian and European countries. The researchers identified <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/hacks-hackers-london\/how-vogue-is-growing-audiences-by-focusing-on-readers-needs-39c48cbc3cf5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">six reader needs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u201cinspire me\u201d, \u201ceducate me\u201d, \u201cdivert me\u201d, \u201cupdate me\u201d, \u201cmake me responsible\u201d and \u201cconnect me\u201d. Of all the stories published by Vogue in one month, 38% met the need \u201c\u2018update me\u201d, 26% \u201cdivert me\u201d, 21% \u201cinspire me\u201d, and just 2% \u201cmake me responsible\u201d. They also found that \u201cinspire me\u201d stories had the highest average readership, while \u201cupdate me\u201d stories scored the lowest.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-944c615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"944c615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"751\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2023-03-22-um-15.12.00-1024x573.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12625\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2023-03-22-um-15.12.00-1024x573.png 1024w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2023-03-22-um-15.12.00-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2023-03-22-um-15.12.00-768x430.png 768w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2023-03-22-um-15.12.00-1536x860.png 1536w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2023-03-22-um-15.12.00-600x336.png 600w, https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2023-03-22-um-15.12.00.png 1836w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0605479 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0605479\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a9\u00a0<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">smartocto collab. Dmitry Shishkin<\/span><\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a80a716 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a80a716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Upgraded user needs model: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The digital publishing consultant Dmitry Shishkin took the BBC model (internally known as &#8220;Dima&#8217;s wheel of news&#8221;) to many newsrooms in the Global North and South. Based on his experiences, the company smartocto created <a href=\"https:\/\/smartocto.com\/blog\/explaining-user-needs\/\">an upgraded version<\/a> of the famous BBC model (March 2023). It maps user needs on four axes of basic audience needs: &#8220;know &#8211; understand &#8211; feel &#8211; do&#8221;. The biggest departure from the previous model is the inclusion of this last category of action-driven news that provides content to make their users&#8217; lives easier. The model takes into account that the solutions-focus has become more important in news production. It introduces two new user needs: &#8220;help me&#8221; and &#8220;connect me&#8221;, and &#8220;keep me on trend&#8221; has been replaced by &#8220;keep me engaged&#8221;.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The evolution of audience-driven news publishing seems to become a trend. This is at least what Nic Newman, the author of the <a href=\"https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/journalism-media-and-technology-trends-and-predictions-2023#header--3\">RISJ 2023 annual trends report<\/a>, predicts: &#8220;This year, we can expect more examples of user needs model driving news product development, not just content commissioning.&#8221; According to a survey among publishers from different parts of the world, most of them (72%) are worried about increasing news avoidance. They say they plan to counter this with explainer content (94%), Q &amp; A formats (87%), solutions\/constructive journalism (73%), inspirational stories (66%) or broader agenda (65%).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4aebb19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4aebb19\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f68f8df\" data-id=\"f68f8df\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-559e750 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"559e750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7606\" src=\"https:\/\/techsupport-dev.de\/cjtoolbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/5_CJTB_A-T17-3-e1678001320190.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57acae5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57acae5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">More information <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdb3538 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdb3538\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Journalism faces a crisis in trust. Journalists fall into two very different camps for how to fix it<\/strong><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niemanlab.org\/2020\/10\/journalism-faces-a-crisis-in-trust-journalists-fall-into-two-very-different-camps-for-how-to-fix-it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.niemanlab.org\/journalism-faces-a-crisis-in-trust-journalists<\/a><\/p><p><b>&#8220;From Negative Biases to Positive News: Resetting and Reframing <\/b><b>News Consumption for a Better Life and a Better World&#8221;<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/mapp_capstone\/123\/\">www.repository.upenn.edu\/From-Negative-Biases-to-Positive-News<\/a><\/p><p><b>Academic who defined news principles says journalists are too negative, The Guardian, 2019<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/jan\/18\/johan-galtung-news-principles-journalists-too-negative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/news-principles<\/a><\/p><p><b>Our world in data<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/#entries\">www.ourworldindata.org<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/sdg-tracker.org\/\">www.sdg-tracker.org<\/a><\/p><p><b>Shayera Dark, Lagos: Selling Africa\u2019s good news stories<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/mg.co.za\/article\/2019-01-16-selling-africas-good-news-stories\/\">www.mg.co.za\/selling-africas-good-news-stories<\/a><\/p><p><strong>If It Bleeds, It Leads: Understanding Fear-Based Media<\/strong><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/two-takes-depression\/201106\/if-it-bleeds-it-leads-understanding-fear-based-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.psychologytoday.com\/understanding-fear-based-media<\/a><\/p><p><b>Book: Jodie Jackson (2019), You Are What You Read &#8211; Why changing your media diet can change the world, Unbound<\/b><\/p><p><b>Steven Pinker, The media exaggerates negative news, The Guardian, 2018<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2018\/feb\/17\/steven-pinker-media-negative-news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.theguardian.com\/media-negative-news<\/a><\/p><p><b>Don\u2019t let confirmation bias narrow your perspective\u00a0<br \/><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/newslit.org\/tips-tools\/dont-let-confirmation-bias-narrow-your-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.newslit.org\/dont-let-confirmation-bias-narrow-your-perspective<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Essentials News and negativity Main topics: Journalism in crisis, characteristics of traditional journalism today, competition, digitalization, 24-hour news cycle, negative framing, the brain\u2019s processing of the news, perception vs. reality, consequences for individuals and society, Audience needs and wants from the news. Summary: Digital disruption has resulted in an economic crisis for the news industry&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":4762,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5158","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Essentials - Constructive Journalism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Essentials - Constructive Journalism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Essentials News and negativity Main topics: Journalism in crisis, characteristics of traditional journalism today, competition, digitalization, 24-hour news cycle, negative framing, the brain\u2019s processing of the news, perception vs. reality, consequences for individuals and society, Audience needs and wants from the news. 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