At the end of this chapter, trainees…
Technology
Internet
Face-to-face: laptop, boxes, projector / video screen (trainer), laptop, smartphones (trainees)
Online: laptops and smartphones (trainer + trainees), headsets
Materials (face-to-face)
Board/whiteboard, flipchart stand and paper, cards (if available), markers.
Tools (online)
Video conference: Zoom (Back up: WhatsApp)
Visualization: Miroboard, JamBoard (Zoom offers digital whiteboards as well)
Quizzes: Slido, Mentimeter
Communication: WhatsApp, Email
Documentation, shared documents: Google Drive folder
Constructive story ideas (fundamental)
Buzz groups / 30 minutes
Trainees reflect on good constructive story ideas.
Objectives
Trainees can identify which stories can be told constructively and can list where to look for constructive story ideas.
Duration
Group brainstorming: 20 min.
Presentation and discussion: 20 min.
Input presentation, Q & A and discussion: 20 min.
Preparation
Prepare task and (virtual) board for 2-4 groups. Columns: Story ideas, Where to look (sources)
Buzz groups, 40 min.
In groups, trainees brainstorm together on at least three good ways to find CJ story ideas. The time here is calculated for three groups.
If trainees have not come up with a constructive story before this session, each group brainstorms on ways to find constructive stories and reflects on challenges and potential.
If trainees have chosen a topic for a constructive story before this session, participants share their story ideas and the way they came up with it. Then the group selects three ways to find a constructive story idea and reflects on challenges and potential.
In both cases, the groups visualize their findings on a (digital) whiteboard. Limitations should also be discussed: Are there stories that cannot be told constructively?
Input / Discussion. 20 min.
Constructive story finding, selecting and sources
Presentation: PPT Reporting constructively, slides 2-9
Stimulating creativity
Quiz and mindmapping / 1 hour
A solution-oriented approach to stories often demands thinking outside of the box. Trainees are introduced to different creativity techniques that could be fruitful for constructive story development.
Objectives
Trainees are introduced to different creativity techniques such as associative and lateral thinking. They create a mind map on a given story topic.
Duration
Quizzes: 10 min.
Group brainstorming: 20 min.
Presentation of group work, clustering and discussion: 20 min.
Trainer input and discussion : 10 min
Preparation
Get familiar with creativity techniques and prepare quiz questions. Prepare (digital) boards for mind maps.
Quiz, 15 min.
One option is to start with a game on associative thinking. Invite trainees to make suggestions for the preparation of a “birthday party”. You start for instance with: “I’ll have a birthday party, and I’ll have a swimming pool.” Next one: “and I’ll have …. The trainees add things they associate with the terms that are mentioned by the others.
Then you could ask a couple of questions that enhance lateral thinking, thinking out of the box. There are a lot of websites offering quiz questions on lateral thinking, for instance: https://www.rd.com/lateral-thinking-puzzles or https://www.proprofs.com/super-lateral-thinking-quiz
Group work, 30 min.
Divide into groups. Each group picks one member’s story idea and creates a mind map around that idea using associative thinking. Emphasize the task to create chains of associations without judging or structuring the ideas. Any idea is allowed and welcome. More info on mind mapping is at:
https://www.wrike.com/blog/what-is-a-mind-map-how-to-create/
One group could also use the so-called “Disney Method” where each trainee takes on a different role and explores the topic from that perspective – for instance: (1) the dreamer, (2) the realist /doer, (3) the critic, (4) the neutral. More info at:
https://www.toolshero.com/creativity/walt-disney-method/
Each group presents its mind map, and all together trainees reflect on how to cluster the collected ideas.
Input / Discussion, 20 min.
Stimulating creativity Presentation: PPT Reporting constructively, slides 10-18
Input/ Discussion, 10 min.
What makes a constructive story compelling Presentation: PPT Reporting constructively, slides 37-39
Researching constructive stories (fundamental)
Group work, presentation and discussion/ 1 hour
Groups of trainees collectively do desk research on a given topic. They reflect on the arguments for and the pushback against the concepts of constructive journalism.
Objectives
Trainees review research techniques and requirements for constructive stories. They search for data on a given problem (size, impact) and on potential solutions (evidence, limitations).
Duration
Group work: 30 min.
Presentation and discussion: 20 min.
Trainer input and discussion: 10 min.
Preparation
Choose a constructive story where some research could be done by trainees. For instance “How banana waste is turned into rugs, fabric and hair extension” https://www.youtube.com/banana-waste
Prepare (digital) whiteboard for group work.
Group work, 40 min.
Invite trainees to brainstorm on the kind of data needed to research constructive story ideas and review sources. Give them key information of an existing constructive story, for instance: “A company in Uganda transforms banana stems and leaves into fiber and turns them into fabric.”
Task: Do enough research for a 3-minute piece for television, radio or online. Extra: Give reasons why this story is worth being told constructively (or not).
Divide trainees into two groups. One group collects the research questions about the problem and tries to find sufficient data via desk research. The other group formulates research questions about the solution and does desk research to know how it works and where it does not work. Findings are visualized on a (digital) whiteboard.
Both groups briefly present their research and explain whether they found the story worth being told constructively. Trainees then watch the film the way it was produced
(For example, if the banana example was chosen: “How banana waste is turned into rugs, fabric and hair extensions”, 5:23, the following applies:
Problem: Bananas are one of the world’s most wasteful crops (only one harvest per plant, 1 ton fruit=2 tons of waste). Bananas are produced worldwide (the size of the problem). Farmers typically burn them but (environmental damage).
Solution: One company in Uganda pulverizes the banana stems and leaves into fiber. Is the solution new? (No, it has been used in the Philippines long before). Are there other, eventually better solutions for how to use the banana by-products, in this part of the country, in Uganda or elsewhere in the world?
Trainees compare and discuss: What research did the “real” piece include that they didn’t include? What research is missing that they thought of?
Input / Discussion, 20 min.
Researching a constructive story Presentation: PPT Reporting constructively, slides 19-26
Developing main constructive story elements (fundamental)
Group work in tandems / 1 hour
Trainees concretize main elements of their constructive stories – problem, solution, evidence, insights, limitations.
Objectives
Trainees look at research plans for a solutions story and discuss them with other trainees. They know how to frame solutions story ideas and are able to design a work strategy for their own ideas.
Duration
Group work in tandems: 30 min.
Presentation and discussion in 2 groups: 30 min.
Preparation/Requirements
Trainees must have thought of a solutions story idea.
Group work, 30 min.
Trainees work in pairs on research plans for a solutions story, ideally on a (digital) whiteboard. They reflect on the size and impact of the problem and who is concerned. They look at a response and how it works. They consider how to get insights on whether the solution could be applied in other contexts and who could evaluate the evidence of this response. How to find out about any limitations for the solution.
Discussion, 30 min.
Trainees present research plans and get feedback and inspiration from the group members. If time allows, the group could explore further story strategy development. Main elements should be reviewed: topic, context, setting, main character, theme… Guide a short discussion on the different elements, ask questions like “What makes your choice of the character constructive?”
If time is limited and it is not possible to get to all groups, trainees can send their research plans and story elements to the trainer, who gives individual feedback.
Constructive interviewing (fundamental)
Role play / 1 hour
Trainees are introduced to constructive interview techniques and interview each other in groups of two where they apply active listening and the looping technique.
Objectives
Trainees reflect on how to guide interviews in a constructive way. They are able to listen and ask questions in a way that will build trust with interviewees and improve the flow, thereby improving the quality of the information obtained.
Duration
Discussion in plenary: 30 Min.
Trainer presentation and discussion: 30 Min.
Preparation
Find videos that you think show attempts to get beyond stereotypes or clichés, or interviews that you think are conducted constructively, especially regarding highly controversial or sensitive subjects. The interviews do not need to be perfect and might include elements that could have been done differently.
Videos / Discussion in plenary, 30 min.
Example: Amnesty International Video “Look beyond borders”
www.youtube.com/look-beyond-borders
Question: Why did we watch this video? How can this be applied to constructive journalism?
(Empathy, trying to understand who the other person really is, trying to connect with other person, etc.)
Example: ITV video on child rape survivor
www.youtube.com/child-rape-survivor
Question: What did the interviewer do and what would you do differently as a constructive reporter?
(Comfort zone, timing, awareness)
Input / Discussion, 20 min.
Conducting constructive interviews Presentation: PPT Reporting constructively, slides 27-36
Staying constructive throughout the story process (fundamental)
Group work / 1 hour
Trainees reflect on how they use a constructive approach throughout the idea development, research, production and publication phases of their constructive stories. (Can be homework if time is limited)
Objectives
Trainees list how to stay constructive in the stages after idea development and research. They can discuss strategies, advantages and challenges.
Duration
Individual brainstorming: 10 min.
Group work: 10 min.
Presentation and discussion: 20 min.
Presentation of examples: 20 min.
Preparation
Prepare boards for group work, choose examples of constructive stories where the audience has been involved.
Individual exercise (Crazy 8), 10 min.
You invite the trainees to brainstorm – by the help of an associative thinking game called Crazy 8. Trainees are asked to quickly write down in eight minutes eight creative ways to stay constructive in the writing/filming, editing and publication stages. The goal is to push beyond first ideas, frequently the least innovative, and to generate a wider variety of possibilities.
Group work, 20 min.
Trainees are divided into 3 groups. Each group chooses their best ideas and discusses them in the group (challenges and advantages). Each group presents its results and discusses them with all trainees.
Input / Discussion, 20 min.
Staying constructive throughout the story process Presentation: PPT Reporting constructively, slides 40-46
What’s your creative type?
Trainees reflect on their creative strengths and weaknesses and find out what creative type they are. Can be discussed on the next workshop day.
See handouts 8 and 9: What type of creative person are you? / Explore your creative potential?
Find your constructive story idea
Each trainee comes up with one idea for a constructive story to be written/produced (or at least planned if time is limited) during the training. Can be emailed to the trainer or discussed on the next workshop day.
Desk research for your CJ story
Trainees draft individual research plans, send them to the trainers for feedback. When they have done the research, they could also share their research protocols with the trainer.
Staying constructive throughout the story process
Trainees list ideas of how they can use constructive approaches throughout the research, production and publication phases of their constructive stories.